Horatio: A True Friend of Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeares Hamlet

William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a lamentable play. The vast majority of the characters in the play have childish thought processes on the most fundamental level. Desire, voracity, pride, and vengeance are only a couple of sins that are submitted in the play. There are barely any cases inside the play that give goodness and grace. Hamlet has such a significant number of individuals around him attempting to cut him down, however he had one companion that was faithful to him, and that was Horatio. The other key characters in the play were just out to their benefit. Anyway Horatio was paying special mind to Hamlet. Lamentably, Horatio was the one and only one. Gertrude was Hamlet’s mother. She was a narrow minded and fiendishness lady. She undermined Hamlet’s father with Claudius, Hamlet’s uncle. She wedded Claudius a month after her husband’s passing. Gertrude needed Hamlet to stop his lamenting. She told Hamlet, â€Å"thou know’st ‘tis normal, every one of that lives must pass on, going through nature to eternity† (I.2.72-73). At the point when Hamlet was discouraged and lamenting, it helped Gertrude to remember the horrible sin she had submitted. She needed Hamlet to be cheerful to make sure she could rest easy thinking about herself. All through the play Gertrude’s intentions don't waiver; she pays special mind to her own prosperity. Claudius is Hamlet’s uncle and stepfather. He took part in an extramarital entanglements with Hamlet’s mother and killed Hamlet’s father. Claudius thought about nobody in the play however himself. There were not many upbeat second for Hamlet in the play, however one came when he made a play inside the play. Hamlet needed to see the response the Claudius had to the scene on the play where they show how the ruler was killed. Claudius’ response to the scene was surprising. â€Å"Give me some light. Away!†(III.2. 255). Hamlet saw his response and knew without a doubt that Claudius murdered his dad. Claudius was a repulsive uncle ... ...e end. This play is anything but a common cheerful consummation kind of play. Truth be told there are not many glad minutes in the play. I don't imagine that Shakespeare proposed for somebody to leave with a warm inclination in their heart. I don't know of the genuine explanation he composed the play and what it was he needed the crowd to gain from it. I discovered that vengeance is something that can assume control over your brain and cause somebody to do things that they would not typically do. It appears that Shakespeare was attempting to instruct us to look within ourselves and not let the outside world impact us in any capacity. Possibly he was attempting to give us that we as a whole need old buddies like Horatio. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Writing: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. seventh ed.Ed Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall, 2004. 1307-1406

Utopia Essay Paper Example For Students

Ideal world Essay Paper Utopias are by and large said to be social orders in which the political,social and monetary difficulties hampering its occupants has been discarded. Rather the state is there to serve the individuals and guarantee the serenity andhappiness of everybody. The word ideal world, which implies no spot in Greek, wasfirst used to mean an ideal society in 1516 in the distribution of Saint ThomasMores story Utopia. The story portrayed life as it was with its kin andsocial establishments on a nonexistent island. Mores Utopia picked up criticalacclaim and a wide crowd. The term was therefore utilized by all prominentsocial scholars and visionaries to characterize different ideas of this sort. During the nineteenth century numerous endeavors were made to really establishcommunities which followed the convictions of an idealistic culture. Most wereexperiments in idealistic communism. Despite the fact that they varied impressively in theirspecific sees, a large portion of them concurred that perfect social orders could be createdwithout much trouble. They felt every one of that was required was to have theformation of a couple of little, agreeable networks made up of their adherents. The comte de Saint-Simon respected innovative advancement and huge scaleeconomic association just like the most significant keys to the foundation ofthese networks. It was felt that mechanical development was the way to happinessfor individuals later on. Another visionary, Fourier, was an incredible inverse of Saint-Simon. HeSpoke unequivocally against the utilization of industry. His feeling was that agriculturalcommunities would be more qualified for this circumstance. He supported thesecommunities as he considered them to be little, independent and all the more significantly, freefrom the restrictions that were being forced by human progress. Exploratory social orders dependent on the speculations of the utopians were alsoset up in Europe and the Unites States. They included Robert Owens cooperativecommunities in New Harmony, lnd., and New Lanark, Scotland. The greater part of these didnot endure long. One of the more drawn out enduring of these networks was the OneidaCommunity. It kept going from 1848 to 1881. By the center of the nineteenth century theutopian communists were starting to be overshadowed by progressively aggressor radicalmovements. These included political agitation and Marxism. In progressively present day times, utopianism has all the more habitually been utilized tosuggest a gullible and unfeasible way to deal with the real world. Most drops by route ofliterature with stories, for example, an approach to uncover present day social orders social ills. Some noticeable instances of this sort of composing incorporate George Orwells 1984 andAldous Huxleys Brave New World. The spots referenced in those accounts were all fanciful. Such a placedoes not exist on the planet as we probably am aware it today. In this way the word imaginarycomes into play. I have known about spots that have explored different avenues regarding the conceptof an idealistic domain yet none have really succeeded. One model is thecommunity in Chicago which George Pullman endeavored to control. He endeavored tocreate a network wherein each individual was taken consideration for, all had adequatehousing, clinical consideration, etc. Consequently everybody would work forPullmans organization. The better he accommodated his laborers, the better heexpected their mentality towards working for him would be. Not everything turnedout as arranged however. A frenzy in 1893 lead to Pullman bringing down the employeeswages, he didn't anyway bring down the workers lease and different charges in thecompany town. This lead to what was known as the Pullman strike. The anticipatedutopia had transfo rmed into an oppressed world. (An oppressed world would be the specific inverse of autopia.) Federal soldiers showed up on July fourth to attempt to control the turmoil. Revolting broke out and a few strikers were slaughtered. It wasnt until July 10ththat the soldiers had the option to control the circumstance. The word perfect world anyway doesn't really need to be utilized to characterize asociety. An ideal world can likewise be utilized to characterize a specific circumstance as it isperceived by a person. An individual who feels that their life at the specificpoint in time is great or an individual who is associated with a specific gathering ororganization can feel that they are living in an utopic way. Triumphs and Failures of Signals Intelligence EssayA individual working at a production line, at an office or anyplace for that matterworks hard in light of the fact that they need to procure as much cash as possible. Theyknow that this cash can be utilized for an assortment of purposes that they trust willmake their lives simpler, more joyful and generally better. Possibly theyll be capable tosend their kids to school. Maybe another vehicle or a fresh out of the box new closet willmake them feel total. Perhaps they will procure a specific esteem they desireeither from their financial or economic wellbeing. Individuals when all is said in done essentially doeverything they do to arrive at an objective throughout everyday life. It is seen as the last stop in aseries of steps that lead as far as possible. The end being where one successes. Practically like a real existence estimated round of chutes and stepping stools. They look for their ownprivate perfect world. This remains constant for families everywhere throughout the United States andthroughout the world. Indeed, even as I consider this, Im carrying on with my life attempting to arrive at a pointwhere I might be upbeat. There are things in my most stunning dreams that would makemy life flawless in my eyes. First of all, Im composing this paper. Ideally this will get me adecent grade. On the off chance that I likewise get passing marks on the entirety of my different classes this semesterand for the remainder of the time that I go to Roosevelt University I ought to receivemy degree. With a degree close by Ill go out into the activity showcase looking for aplace to work. On the off chance that and when I settle down with an organization I mean to begin tosave some cash. With this cash I want to do various things. I need to pay off alldebt that Ive obtained for instructive purposes. I might want to treat myselfto a semi-new vehicle. Doesnt must be the most extravagant vehicle in theworld, however one that isnt in steady need of fix just like my present one is. Iwould like to spare a little group as an afterthought to be utilized as an initial installment fora home. White picket fence, doghouse for corroded, entire situation. Ive consistently longed for having a house that I could call my own. Nobody to tellme how I need to keep the spot. By then I figure it might be a great opportunity to settle down. Maybe Id solicit thewoman from my fantasies (if not, my present sweetheart will do.) to be my lawfullywedded spouse. What's more, in these fierce occasions, perhaps the marriage would even be ahappy one. Also, if the Lord permits, I may even dad a couple of little children. In my home, Id love to have a huge screen t.v. furthermore, a laser discplayer as I am a film aficionado. An incredible large calfskin lazyboy before the t.v. would likewise be required. Electronic thingamabobs of every kind imaginable wouldsurround me. At that point as my youngsters developed more seasoned, Id would like to have the option to give them withthe chance to get an advanced degree, as this is critical to progress. Tosee them proceed to find real success would make me glad. By then I would begin to examine retirement. Id want to have anice little retirement fund buried with the goal that I may live serenely for the rest ofmy life. I would like to develop old calmly, and as grim as this may sound, Ihope that when my opportunity arrives, I bite the dust in my rest. Failing to fell a thing. I realize that a large number of the things I just referenced may never occur. Manyof my desires are only that, unrealistic reasoning. It is only an idea of a kind oflife I might want to live. Genuine or not. In any case, all things considered, its MY private ideal world. In addition we should recall that utopias during circumstances such as the present in their most technicaldefinition don't exist. They are just thoughts and ideas of the world as manwould wish it were. Taking care of business in this universe of our own, I have my desires as well. Classification: Philosophy

On Reading Prison Writing Where To Find It and What To Read

On Reading Prison Writing Where To Find It and What To Read Some names that come to mind when you think about prison writing might include Martin Luther King, Jr. and Angela Davis, or, more recently, Lil Wayne and Gucci Mane. Their stories exemplify the range of texts that come out of the prison system, by way of both activism and memoir. But what about those who are in prison right now? I’m providing a list here of ways to read imprisoned writers by reading their work. The most famous organization involved with this type of work is probably PEN America’s Prison Writing Program, which was started in 1971. It has three main ways to engage imprisoned people with writing. They have a handbook for writing, an annual writing contest, and a mentorship program that offers workshopping. They post their contest winners for poetry, fiction, essay, memoir, and drama every March. Prison Writers  has a great site that publishes and pays writers who are in prison. Their goal is to expose what goes on in prison. These essays range from topics like physical living conditions to coping with long-term imprisonment. Right now, unfortunately, they’re not taking submissions because they are in need of more volunteers to work with them. Prison Writes offers writing workshops to imprisoned people at different organizations. The themes of these workshops include therapeutic writing, advocacy, and memoir. They also have a blog that publishes imprisoned or previously imprisoned writers. These posts discuss problems with sentencing, issues relating to education in prison, and organization updates. The Marshall Project also has a section on their site entitled Life Inside, which are personal essays written with by people who have first person accounts of prison, including those who have gone to prison, taught there, or work there. Some of these essays cover forced labor, romantic relationships, and dealing with death. This rest of the site also has many articles on various aspects of the prison industrial system. Writing to imprisoned people is the most interactive way to engage. If you don’t personally know anyone in prison, there are a few sites that can match you up with people who are looking for pen pals. Prison Writes has a pen pal program called Project Solidarity. Write A Prisoner  and Prisoners Project also have ones that you can pick people’s profiles. The U.S. government is always finding new ways to diminish the intellectual integrity of imprisoned people. Respecting prison writing is one important way to engage with their ideas in their own words.

Postpartum Depression - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1013 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Depression Essay Did you like this example? Postpartum depression is triggered by major hormonal changes and other factors such as strong mental tension, childs responsibility, and postpart physical discomfort. Inheritance also has a big influence. Postpartum depression is associated with a multiple decrease in the levels of female sex hormones, especially estrogen. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Postpartum Depression" essay for you Create order How a woman will experience the postpartum period in psychological terms depends on her personality type, on the child its own, the child care experience, and the quality of partner and family support. Much of the psychological instability is due to the high demands on both herself and her partner, the pursuit of perfection, and the restless and still crying child. The psyche of a woman in a puerperium also affects physical problems like exhaustion after heavy labor, anemia, thyroid malfunction or infectious disease. How does postpartum depression arise? Communication between nerve cells in the brain (on the nerve synapses) provides chemical substances called neurotransmitters. In depression, functional deficiency of norepinephrine and serotonin is a function of nerve synapses. In the womans body, the synergism of serotonin and the female sex hormone of estrogen, occurs. In addition, synergism results in a situation where the final effect of the co-acting components is greater than the sum of the effects of the components. That is why women are more prone to depression than men, and postpartum when there is a multiple decrease in estrogen levels will make depression to occur much easier. Postpartum depression suffers 10-15% of mothers, especially single mothers without family background. It may occur suddenly or gradually at any time during the first six months after birth of a child. The first risk period is after the arrival from the hospital when a woman has to take care of the child but also the household. Generally, however, it occurs 3 to 4 weeks after birth of a child. At that time, intensive of support from their family members declines. It may also begin when the woman stops breastfeeding or the first menstrual period occurs. Depressed mothers are tired, crying and irritated, or have strong mood swings, when the excellent mood quickly changes depression. They are unable to take care of their child, suffer from anorexia, intestinal and biliary problems, and sleep disorders (insomnia or dreadful dreams). Some women are overly concerned, they are afraid of the health of their child. Other depressing mothers feel guilty about being bad and incompetent mothers. In deeper postpartum depression, a mother refuses to take care of her child, nursing her/him, the child is indifferent to her or, on the other side, is aggressive to him/her and may endanger his/her life. Also if mother suffers from more serious psychological disorder, postpartum or lactation psychosis may occur. Its occurrence is rare, affecting 0.1 0.2% of women. These are severe changes in mothers behavior accompanied by hallucinations. Women are not only depressed but also restless and disoriented (completely out of reality). Lactation psychosis u sually breaks out from 3rd to 14th day after birth. Lastly, some mothers have suicidal thoughts. Postpartum depression can lead to disruption of the relationship between mother and child. Untreated disorder damages and slows the childs psychological, emotional and intellectual development. It has been shown that children of depressed mothers have reduced cognitive functions in their fourth year of life, such as memory deficits, attention deficit disorder, unable to adequately process new information, etc. Mother depression can lead to an increased risk of depressive and anxiety in a later life. Postpartum depression is not diagnosed in half of the affected mothers. Therefore, the gynecologist should evaluate the mothers psychic attrition at the first puerperium check. To find out what the mothers diagnose is the routine depression test is not recommended because women in the puerperium usually have depressive mood. A screening method is used to screen the Edinburgh scale of postpartum depression. This is a series of ten questions in which the mother assesses her behavior, moods and feelings with a four-point scale (0 to 3 points). If a woman reaches 12 or more points, she is probably suffering from postpartum depression. The treatment of lighter depression can be guided by a gynecologist himself. Women suffering from a heavier form of postpartum depression should be in the care of a mental health expert, a psychiatrist. If the mother or child is at risk, immediate hospitalization at the psychiatric clinic is required. Postpartum depression requires therapy. Depending on the intensity of depression, medication, psychotherapy and hormonal treatment are combined. Mild and moderate forms of depression are treated with psychotherapy. For more serious conditions, a combination of antidepressants and intensive psychotherapy is appropriate. Hormonal therapy can strengthen the effect of both psychotherapy and medication in postpartum depression. The specific drugs in the treatment of postpartum depression are antidepressants. In postpartum depression, SSRI antidepressants are selected to prevent serotonin reuptake. Individual antidepressants are excreted to the breast milk in different degrees. The most suitable antidepressants are Ascentra, Zoloft, Sertralin, Parolex and Fevarin, because their levels in breast-fed infants blood are very low or almost undetectable. The lowest level of antidepressants in infants blood is when given Sertraline (in Asentra, Zoloft, Sertralin). It is recommended to take the medicine immediately after breast-feeding. Antidepressants do not work immediately, the improvement of mood occurs after 2-3 weeks of continuous treatment, full effect after 4 weeks. From psychotherapeutic methods, interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy is the most successful treatment. It is believed that psychotherapy makes changes in neural cell communication, including the influence of neurotransmitter function. In cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, the psychotherapist helps a woman to change her thoughts, opinions, and attitudes to induce a change in her behavior. It is assumed that the change of attitude will change the womans view on the world. Interpersonal psychotherapy is based on psychoanalysis. During treatment, an ill woman tries to understand the relationship between current difficulties and past experience and their effect on mental health. Because postpartum depression is associated with decrease of estrogen levels in womens blood, hormone therapy can be used in the treatment. Trans dermally applied estradiol in preparations Dermestril, Estraderm, Estrahexal, Estrapatch or Systen can enhance the effect of antidepressants and psychotherapy.

Comparison within the Context of Romanticism within the Four Poems Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The poems by Keats and Wordsworth will be analyzed under the rubric of poems that approach emotions by otherwise dark and/or mysterious means. In this way, Keats makes an Ode to Melancholy as a praiseworthy and thoughtful rendition of how sorrow and sadness integrate within the realm of human emotions. Conversely, Byron and Blake both have a brighter perspective they discuss within the confines of the very same subject matter and theme. By means of comparison and contrast of these four different poems, this analysis will seek to provide a level of discussion and contrast between how the respective authors deal with similar topics and take widely different views concerning the outlook that these emotions portend. Within the opening lines to Ode to Melancholy , Keats identifies sadness and the necessary suffering and sorrow that is accompanied with it. However, rather than seeking to paint a brighter picture of hope for the future or an explanation of how suffering and sadness are merely temporal and fleeting, the author instead chooses to focus upon the understanding and acceptance of suffering and sadness. Although such an approach can be understood as fundamental concepts of Eastern traditions, it was somewhat out of place for Keats own time. Imploring the reader to integrate with the full depth of sorrow and sadness, not to take the easy way out, to drink the poison without hesitation, Keats presents a very dark representation of the means whereby the individual should accept the constraints of sadness and sorrow/melancholy, and seek to come to a more full and complete appreciation for how these emotions can define the approach and life of the sufferer. In a similar way, William Wordsworth s poem, She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways , discusses the sorrowful topic of the death of a woman all but unloved by anyone besides the author. Again, rather than dwelling on the brighter topics of redemption and the hope of an afterlife, a common theme within the period in question, Wordsworth instead focuses on the level of derision, ridicule, and ostracism that the woman faced as a function of her particularly dark and morose outlook on life. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison within the Context of Romanticism within the Four Poems or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now

The Female Characters Of Shakespeare s Hamlet - 970 Words

Women have played small roles in society in the past. In social, economical, and political standings. Therefore in Shakespeare’s Hamlet the women in the play, their roles are not portrayed as important. The female characters in the play such as Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother and Ophelia Hamlet’s lover are complicated, and very much opposite of one another. Although these are two different characters Shakespeare portrays them in a negative matter in their small roles. Their acceptance in the world, and their grief is not allowed by the men in their life, or of the world. The women have no chance for redemption in the play, follow the demands, and decisions the men make for them. Gertrude in the play is Hamlet’s mother. Her character is in the middle of the conflict of all the family drama. Throughout the play she continues to keep the conflict between Hamlet and Claudius as if she is innocent to not really knowing of the issues going on.(University of Californi a Santa Cruz 1).Of course the marriage arrangement upsets Hamlet, because it had happened so soon after the death of his father. Gertrude being a woman she might have married Claudius for a sense of security from a man, or guidance with owning the kingdom. However she also shows independence (Rogers 1) according to Rogers Gertrude rebels against her religion, and the authority of her newlywed husband Claudius. In the scene he tells Gertrude to not drink from the cup, and she proceeds to do so. As for her religion theShow MoreRelatedThe Profound Impact Of Female Characters Of Shakespeare s Hamlet930 Words   |  4 PagesProfound Impact of Female Characters in Hamlet How much of an impact can the women in a man’s life have on his thoughts and actions? A mother is the first woman her son will come into contact with, and can skew her son’s image of women through her actions. A man’s significant other also has the ability to bring out the best in him, but can also become the target for his anger and stray emotions. In William Shakespeare s Hamlet, although there are only two main female characters, both women†¯possessRead MoreLiterary Scholarship And Criticism Of Shakespeare s The Invention Of The Human 1309 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare critic and Harvard literature professor, Harold Bloom, asserts that Shakespeare is the metaphorical â€Å"inventor of man.† Bloom writes: The plays remain the outward limit of human achievement: aesthetically, cognitively, in certain ways morally, even spiritually. They abide beyond the end of the mind’s reach, we cannot catch up to them. Shakespeare will go on explaining us, in part because, he invented us† (pp. 19-20). Bloom’s audacious evaluation of Shakespeare has been echoed throughoutRead MoreTheme Analysis : The Tragedy Of Hamlet 1578 Words   |  7 PagesJackson F. Jones Mrs. Larr English IV 1st Period 16 December 2014 Theme Analysis of Hamlet The tragedy of Hamlet is a work of literature that contains a multitude of themes. Some of these themes are apparently obvious as you read through the tragedy. Themes such as revenge and madness present themselves openly through the progression of the story. However, there are other themes that lurk below the surface. You just have to dive a little deeper into the story to find them. On the surface, the themeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Female Characters1232 Words   |  5 PagesJulie Clifton. April 22, 2015 Shakespeare s Female Characters. The English playwright and poet William Shakespeare is generally known to be one of the greatest English writers and creators of all time. However, his works open themselves up to interpretation, whether in historical context or symbolism; they lend themselves to every readers individual response. In this research paper I will be addressing patriarchy, his treatment of female characters as commodity, and the misogynisticRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Hamlet 1061 Words   |  5 PagesKylie Kwiatt Jaime Jordan Reading Shakespeare October 29, 2014 Hamlet through Feminist Lens In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character of Ophelia may be looked at and analyzed through a Feminist perspective. By using a Feminist lens, readers may observe the impact of patriarchal society and misogyny on the mind of a young lady doing her best to fit into the role of a Shakespearian-era woman. Women were expected to be virginal, yet sexual, subservient and inferior to men, and possessionsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet And The Prince s Lover1463 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet referring to his mother says, â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman† (1.2.149), alluding to the claimed inherent weakness of women s character. In Hamlet, the roles of women are minor yet essential to the plot and flow of the play. They have no standing in the society and their voices are never heard. Gertrude and Ophelia, the prince s lover are the only two women in the play that have been portrayed as weak, manipulative and can be used. Their actions and fates are greatly influenc ed by the men sRead MorePerfect Idealism In Shakespeares Hamlet1631 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The play Hamlet is a fable of how the ghost of a slain king comes to haunt the living with disastrous consequences. A rancorous ghost and a brother s murder, lead the gloomy setting of Hamlet s Denmark. Hamlet story opens with an encounter between young Hamlet, his dad s ghost as well as the prince of Denmark. The ghost reveals to Hamlet that its murderer was his brother Claudius, who then rapidly wedded his widowed queen, Gertrude. As a result, the ghost presses Hamlet to seek vengeanceRead MoreWomens Role in Shakespearean Tragedy1742 Words   |  7 PagesIn Shakespeares tragedies and his plays in general, we can come across several types of female characters. Their influence with other characters and their purpose or role, often underestimated like women themselves, will be this essays main subject. Women in Shakespearean plays have always had important roles, sometimes even the leading role. Whether they create the main conflicts and base of the plays, or bring up interesting moral and cultural questions, they have always been put in challengingRead MoreThe Female Characters Of Ophelia And Gertrude Within The Text1612 Words   |  7 PagesThis analysis of Hamlet will focus on the female characters of Ophelia and Gertrude within the text. Ophelia is the daughter of Polonius, she is a kind, sweet natured girl of who Hamlet has fallen in love with. However, due to the control of both her father and brother Laertes, has been convinced that she should spy on young Hamlet as to what his intentions are. Whereas, Gertrude is a shadowy character with little involvement in the text; it is seen as though she has to live through Claudius inRead MoreCompare And Contrast Hamlet And Twelfth Night1162 Words   |  5 PagesFrom Hilarity to Tragedy in Shakespeare: How Hamlet and Twelfth Night Compare By Zawadi Bunzigiye William Shakespeare wrote plays covering the breadth of human experience. They seem to have transcended the restraints of age because of the universal themes that they contain. His body of his work is comprised of genres of plays varying from tragedies to comedies. Of them, Hamlet and Twelfth Night are perfect examples of both. A comparison between them would be of interest because their common points

Censorship of the grapes of wr Essay Example For Students

Censorship of the grapes of wr Essay The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck is considered a classic novel by many in the literary field. The trials and tribulations of the Joad family and other migrants is told throughout this novel. In order to gain a perspective into the lives of Oakies, Steinbeck uses themes and language of the troubling times of the Great Depression. Some of these aspects are critiqued because of their vulgarity and adult nature. In some places, The Grapes of Wrath has been edited or banned. These challenges undermine Steinbecks attempts to add reality to the novel and are unjustified. In 1939, The Grapes of Wrath was published and came under fire for its content. Vulgarity and the misrepresentation of a preacher were the main complaints that led to the ban and burning of the novel from St. Louis, Missouri libraries in September 1939. Vulgarity may be prevalent in the book, but it has its purpose. Steinbeck used some vulgar terms to accurately represent the lingo and slang that was used by the people of the 1930s. Most of the terms that were considered vulgar may be a bit distasteful, but is nothing that is not heard on the streets today. Extreme profanity is not extraneous in the novel, in fact, it is tame compared to slang terms used today. Casy, the former preacher that was traveling with the Joads, is not be given the connotation as the most holy man. Casy did not consider himself a minister at the time The Grapes of Wrath takes place. But I aint a preacher no more is spoken many times by Casy in denial that he is a man of the cloth. Indeed, Casy is brutally ki lled in the novel, but it does not go into graphic, violent detail. Once again, Casys feelings against the employers and government were common to the time and were used to state that idea. Another point of controversy lies on The Grapes of Wraths closing sequence. In this finale, an old man nurses from Rose of Sharon, a young women whose baby was delivered stillborn. Some believe this is pornographic, sexually oriented, and improper, especially for young children. In fact in some states, the sequence is taken out. This sequence may be a vulgar, but it is an essential element to the novel and is in no way pornographic. It shows the desperation of the migrants to do anything to survive, no matter what the implications may entail. Those who are missing this ending, such as those who read editions in Texas, are missing this important element of The Grapes of Wrath. These readers may never fully understand the lives of migrants in the 1930s . The novel may have some adult content, but it was never meant to be read by young children. The target audience, ages over 14, can look beyond the visual picture and fully ascertain the sections deeper meaning. Others may critique Steinbecks use of socialistic and anti-government messages. During the 1930s, these ideas were very common. In fact, Upton Sinclair, a socialist writer, was nearly elected governor of California. Living conditions, the opposition between the Californians and the Oakies, and the inability to break out of the depression all added to beliefs of the times. Steinbeck was not advocating socialism, he was just reflecting the times. Without these individual beliefs of the reds and other people that showed either socialistic or anti-establishment messages, the reader would get a dry, unfulfilled perspective of the lives of people during the Great Depression. Censorship does have its place in society. There are many things that are too risqu, degrading, and should not be shown. Pornography, extreme sexual content, and extreme gratuitous violence does not have its place in literature or in society. The Grapes of Wrath does not have any of these above aspects. Of those who choose to ban this book and other works of literature with questionable themes, many of them are wrapped up in political correctness. In literature, life should be shown like they it is, not as someone would like it to be. As much as political correctness advocates would like to change things for the better, they cannot change the past no matter how hard they try.

Killer Angels Essays (2402 words) - Gettysburg Campaign,

Killer Angels The Killer Angels The Battle of Gettysburg brought the dueling North and South together to the small town of Gettysburg and on the threshold of splitting the Union. Gettysburg was as close as the United States got to Armageddon and The Killer Angels gives the full day-to-day account of the battle that shaped America's future. Michael Shaara tells the story of the Battle of Gettysburg through the eyes of the generals and men involved in the action of the battle. The historical account of the Battle of Gettysburg gives the reader a chance to experience the battle personally and not the history book manner taught in schools. A historical novel gives the facts straightforward and provides no commentary by the people involved in history. The historical account of the Battle of Gettysburg, as seen in Killer Angels, provides the facts of the battle as seen through the eyes of Generals Robert E. Lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet, and John Buford. The feelings and inner-thoughts of each General and the conditions of the battle are seen, heard, and felt by the reader in the historical account. Shaara takes historical license with letters, the words of the men, and documents written during the three hellish days of the battle. Shaara avoids historical opinion and provides his own opinion towards the Civil War and the people. The historical account of the Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg specifically, in Killer Angels conveys the attitude to toward war, attitude towards the Civil War, and cause for fighting the war of General Robert E. Lee, Joshua Chamberlain, James Longstreet, and John Buford. General Robert E. Lee gained stoic and legendary status as the heart and soul of the South in the Civil War, but many did not know his reasons and feelings for fighting the war. War and the slaughter of others did not interest Lee and he felt compassion for the Union. Lee had contradictory feelings towards war and says, ?He was not only to serve in it but he was to lead it, to make the plans, and issue the orders to kill and burn and ruin?he could not do that? (Shaara 263). The Civil War is not in the taste of General Lee, but feels it is his duty, and he cannot just stand by and watch the war pass him by. Michael Shaara says of Lee's reason for fighting the Civil War ?, He found that he had no choice?Lee could not raise his hand against his own. And so what then? To stand by and do nothing? It had nothing to do with causes; it was no longer a matter of vows? (Shaara 263). Shaara, through his commentary on General Lee, explains that Lee did not want to fight the war but had to. Lee felt it was his duty to fight for his fellow countrymen, but not for a cause, land, or slavery. ?So it was no cause and no country he fought for, no ideal and no justice. He fought for his people, for the children, and the kin, and not even the land, because the land was worth the war, but the people were,? General Lee says (Shaara 263). General Lee fights for himself and has no choice but to fight, knowing in the end that he might be wrong with his cause and pay the price someday. General Lee is not a proponent of war, but he will serve his country with honor and duty if necessary. A man of ideals and honor represent the character of Union Colonel Joshua Chamberlain. Being a man of education, Chamberlain knows the demeaning and repulsive nature of slavery and has come to fight to end it. Chamberlain hates the whole idea of the Civil War and the death and destruction that goes along with it. ?I used my brother to plug a hole. Did it automatically as if he were expendable,? says Chamberlain (Shaara 304). He hates the idea that men, including his brother, are dying out in the fight for slavery. The only reason he believes in the Civil War is that if he the North did not fight freedom would be tarnished and a great travesty would occur. Chamberlain is not a man of war and blood and doesn't relish war and its qualities. The idea of war in general to Chamberlain was ludicrous, as he once wrote ?Man: The Killer Angel?. Chamberlain believes all other wars have been unnecessary expect for the Civil War because it

a summary of American Constitution essays

a summary of American Constitution essays The Preamble to the Constitution contains powerful language that is the bedrock of American political tradition. The opening line: We the People of the United States proclaims that the states remain in a unity and that they are not independent of one another. With these words the loose confederation of independent states ceased to exist after ratification of the Constitution. The Preamble also answers the question of the source of power of the government: the power comes from the people, not from the states. The phrase [I]n Order to form a more perfect Union implies that at the time of forming the country, the Articles of Confederation were weak in governing a growing nation. Next come the general goals for the American nation (originally set up by the Framers): establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity. The following words: do ordain and establish thi s Constitution for the United States of America pose the formal creation of the new government after the ratification. Article I vests all legislative powers in the Congress and establishes a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It also sets out the qualifications for holding office in each house, the terms of office, methods of selection of representatives and senators, and the system of apportionment among the states to determine membership in the House of Representatives. The Article I, section 8 contains enumerated powers and elastic clause. Article II vests the executive power- the authority to execute the laws of the nation in a president of the United States. Section 1 sets the presidents term of office at four years, explains the electoral college, states qualifications for office and describes a mechanism to replace the president in case of death ...

Reflection on Teaching Themes of Care Assignment

Reflection on Teaching Themes of Care - Assignment Example Reflection on Teaching Themes of Care Major Points and Questions Raised Noddings (1995) initiated the discourse with the bold plan to reorganize contemporary school curriculum to focus on questions and issues pertinent to human existence. As suggested, the curriculum is envisioned to be organized around themes of care: â€Å"caring for self, for intimate others, for strangers and global others, for the natural world and its nonhuman creatures, for the human-made world, and for ideas† (Noddings, 1995, 1). To engage the readers into justifying his contentions, the author opted to resolve questions such as: (1) why teach caring? (2) How can teaching themes of care by chosen and organized? (3) And, what kinds of preparations should schools and teachers focus on to ensure effectiveness in teaching themes of care? The questions were addressed through a discussion of the benefits of teaching and incorporating themes of care in the schools’ curriculum.

Managing Innovation at St. Lukes Medical Center Essay

Managing Innovation at St. Lukes Medical Center - Essay Example Every organization exists to achieve a purpose. In order to attain organizational goals, a set of policies and strategies are defined and developed by management. As averred by Christensen, Andrews, & Bower (3), policy is â€Å"the study of the functions and responsibilities of senior management, the crucial problems that affect success in the total enterprise, and the decisions that determine the direction of the organization and shape its function†. One of the strategic management decisions undertaken by aggressive and competitive organizations is innovation. Most business practitioners have grown accustomed to innovation stemming from new inventions and advancing technology. But suiting policy to changing circumstances includes also the application of a firm’s long-established strengths to unexplored segments of the market via innovations in price, service, distribution, or merchandising. Innovation is the â€Å"process by which an idea or invention is translated into a good or service for which people will pay. In business, innovation results often from the application of a scientific or technical idea in decreasing the gap between the needs or expectations of the customers and the performance of a firm's products.† (Business Dictionary 1) One of the most innovative organizations in Asia is St. Luke’s Medical Center in the Philippines. It is the number one hospital in the Philippines but its vision is to be one of the top five medical institutions in Asia by 2010.

Benefits of Career Planning

Benefits of Career Planning Career planning is the process by which one selects career goals and the path to these goals. Career development is those personal improvements one undertakes to achieve a personal career plan. Career management is the process of designing and implementing goals, plans and strategies to enable the organization to satisfy employee needs while allowing individuals to achieve their career goals. So, due to this career planning and development is necessary to each and every employee in an organization. The need of career planning and development is felt in each and every organization of todays global world. Need for Career Planning: Career Planning is necessary due to the following reasons: 1. To attract competent persons and to retain them in the organization. 2. To provide suitable promotional opportunities. 3. To enable the employees to develop and take them ready to meet the future challenges. 4. To increase the utilization of managerial reserves within an organization. 5. To correct employee placement. 6. To reduce employee dissatisfaction and turnover. 7. To improve motivation and morale. Process of Career Planning : The following are the steps in Career Planning : 1. Analysis of individual skills, knowledge, abilities, aptitudes etc. 2. Analysis of career opportunities both within and outside the organization. 3. Analysis of career demands on the incumbent in terms of skills, knowledge, abilities, aptitude etc., and in terms of qualifications, experience and training received etc. 4. Relating specific jobs to different career opportunities. 5. Establishing realistic goals both short-term and long-term. 6. Formulating career strategy covering areas of change and adjustment. 7. Preparing and implementing action plan including acquiring resources for achieving goals. Pre-requisites for the success of career planning. 1. Strong commitment of the top management in career planning, succession planning and development. 2. Organization should develop, expand and diversify its activities at a phased manner. 3. Organization should frame clear corporate goals. 4. Organization should have self-motivated, committed and hard working employees. 5. Organizations goal in selection should be selecting the most suitable man and place him in the right job. 6. Organization should take care of the proper age composition in manpower planning and in selection. 7. Organization should take steps to minimize career stress. 8. Organization should have fair promotion policy. 9. Organization should publicize widely the career planning and development programmes. Advantages of Career Planning:- For Individuals: 1. The process of career planning helps the individual to have the knowledge of various career opportunities, his priorities etc. 2. This knowledge helps him select the career that is suitable to his life styles, preferences, family environment, scope for self-development etc. 3. It helps the organization identify internal employees who can be promoted. 4. Internal promotions, upgradation and transfers motivate the employees, boost up their morale and also result in increased job satisfaction. 5. Increased job satisfaction enhances employee commitment and creates a sense of belongingness and loyalty to the organization. 6. Employee will await his turn of promotion rather than changing to another organization. This will lower employee turnover. 7. It improves employees performance on the job by taping their potential abilities and further employee turnover. 8. It satisfies employee esteem needs. For Organizations: A long-term focus of career planning and development will increase the effectiveness of human resource management. More specifically, the advantages of career planning and development for an organization include: i. Efficient career planning and development ensures the availability of human resources with required skill, knowledge and talent. ii. The efficient policies and practices improve the organizations ability to attract and retain highly skilled and talent employees. iii. The proper career planning ensures that the women and people belong to backward communities get opportunities for growth and development. iv. The career plan continuously tries to satisfy the employee expectations and as such minimizes employee frustration. v. By attracting and retaining the people from different cultures, enhances cultural diversity. vi. Protecting employees interest results in promoting organizational goodwill. Limitations of career planning :- Apart from advantages, there are some limitations. So, let us have a look at the limitations of career planning. Despite planning the career, employees face certain career problems. They are: Dual Career Families: With the increase in career orientation among women, number of female employees in on increase. With this, the dual career families have also been on increase. Consequently, one of those family members might face the problem of transfer. This has become a complicated problem to organizations. Consequently other employees may be at disadvantage Low ceiling careers: Some careers do not have scope for much advancement. Employees cannot get promotions despite their career plans and development in such jobs. Declining Career Opportunities: -Career opportunities for certain categories reach the declining stage due to the influence of the technological or economic factors. Solution for such problem is career shift. Downsizing/Delayering and careers: Business process reengineering, technological changes and business environmental factors force the business firms to restructure the organizations by delayering and downsizing. Downsizing activities result in fixing some employees, and degrading some other employees. Review of literature (Bardsley 1987) IBMs career planning workshop focuses on the interests, skills, and contributions inherent in the individuals current job. Employees study their jobs components and learn how to make the work more challenging. In addition, participants learn how jobs evolve from business needs Leibowitz, Farren, and Kaye (1985) it has been present a model for designing and implementing a career development system. Their guidelines include the following: o State specifics o Tie the program to overall human resource development o Tailor the program to the culture o Build from a conceptual base o Plan long-term approaches, short-term payoff o Design multiple approaches o Co-design and manage the project o Ensure top management support o Publicize accomplishments Slavenski and Buckner (1988) it conclude their paper with a list of recommendations garnered from the literature and from their own experiences with career development in the workplace. Among their recommendations for persons designing and implementing career development are the following: o Link new programs to other parts of the career development system o Design the program in terms of the specific organizational culture o Think of career development as a process, not a program o Involve line management. Choong Kwon Lee (2010) It has been described that agency theory is proposed as a framework for explaining the design of IT jobs and career paths. To support this theory, data about knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) were gathered and analyzed from Fortune 500 job listings for the Programmer/Analyst Systems Analyst IT Manager career path. The results indicate that agency theory has significant predictive power over the type and importance of IT KSAs for job sequences along IT career paths. The results have implications for both researchers who are looking for theories that explain IT job design and career path development and managers who are challenged with decisions about how to design IT jobs and manage IT career paths. Workspan (sep 2010) According to a recent study, 60% of the 382 polled companies have a career development program in place, and 41% of those use in-house coaches and/or mentors to drive development. The study suggests that people who want coaching and mentoring are better off working in the rich and diverse villages of large corporations. Of the companies that do not have such programs, four-fifths plan to implement one within the next two years. Joann S. Lublin (Dec 2009) About 44% of individuals age 50 or older plan to postpone retirement, with half of those planning to work at least three years longer than previously expected, concluded a February poll of more than 2,200 U.S. employees by consultants Watson Wyatt Worldwide Inc. The postponed promotion phenomenon is a reality in the heavy-manufacturing, media, retailing, financial-services and medical-supply industries, says John Beeson, a principal of Beeson Consulting, which specializes in succession planning and executive development. The assistant director of a midsize nonprofit group expected to snare the executive directors spot after the executive director retired next January, says Katy Piotrowski, the assistant directors career counselor in Fort Collins, Colo. Kimberly A. Eddleston (2003) it has been described that research has uncovered important predictors of managerial career success, the causal relationships between these predictors has not been fully explored. Accordingly, we propose and test a model that establishes a link between individual differences, salient career-related beliefs, career enhancing outcomes and managerial career success. Using path analysis, we found that education and career impatience directly affected willingness to relocate and perceived marketability, which in turn led to more promotions offered and greater exposure to powerful networks. Finally, the number of promotions offered directly affected management level, which in turn affected compensation level. With respect to gender differences, we found that beliefs regarding the efficacy of mentoring positively influenced a womans sense of marketability, and like her male counterpart, exposure to powerful networks. However, we also found that for women manager s, unlike men, such exposure did not affect the number of promotions they were offered. Cathleen Benko, Managing Principal of Talent USA (2007) This article introduces mass career customization, a system that encourages a continuous collaboration between employer and employee to design customized career paths, taking into account both the changing needs of the business and employees changing lives. Mass career customization is an adaptive model of career progression that offers employees career-long options for keeping their work and personal lives in sync and employers the long-term loyalty of their best and brightest. MCC was first introduced through a 120-participant implementation pilot that began within Deloitte Consulting LLP in 2005 and then continued through a year-long second round pilot with approximately 300 participants in 2006. Findings Satisfaction with career-life fit improved, in some case sharply. Nearly 90 percent said MCC positively influenced their decision to remain with the organization. Team leaders said the ongoing MCC process was an advantage i n staffing new projects with top talent. Client service standards were maintained. Significant savings were achieved, primarily driven by positive impact on retention and associated revenue. COMPANY IBM (CAREER PLANNING) IBM Global Business Services organization offers numerous paths to career success. While most traditional consulting firms offer a single route to a leadership position, they have four career paths that focus on our consulting, sales, project management and technical competencies. This allows their people to succeed by focusing on their strengths and interests in one or more disciplines. Partner client management, practice development, engagement sales and delivery Sales Executive client relationship and sales Delivery Executive project management Distinguished Engineer technical capabilities In addition, as part of a large global organization with multiple business units, our consultants gain access to career opportunities throughout IBM in strategy, marketing, sales, finance and human resources, among many others-something our competitors simply cannot match. In fact, many of our most successful executives have had roles in several organizations within IBM. A guide for new hires An early start at career success begins with IBM, their new-hire training program. They make learn how IBM works, how to maximize the contribution to the company, how to successfully navigate within IBM and connect with the colleagues and have fun in the process. Planning the career To help to identify opportunities, construct a skills road map and mark their progress, IBM offers easy-to-navigate career Web sites and tools: Job role and technical training In addition to top-notch professional skills, IBM focuses on in-depth industry and technical training to keep you up to date on emerging technologies and skills valued in the marketplace. Academic learning assistance program IBM provides assistance for external education in addition to our internal training offerings to help you keep your skills aligned with our business goals. [emailprotected] Explorer The Academic Learning Assistance Program is intended to meet identified business needs by paying for many educational expenses for employees at universities and colleges. Participation is limited and selective. Management may limit whether the plan is available to their employees given business needs. If it is available, management may specify additional requirements for their employees to participate. Tution fee All three plans under the Academic Learning Assistance Program (DWSP, ICP, SSP) are funded by the business units. Participation is limited and selective. Management may limit whether the plan is available to their employees given business needs. The education expense is charged to the education minor code 0330 and the employees division and department. However, each IBM division decides whether to hold the funding at the department, functional, or divisional level. IBM expects you to apply for all other financial assistance to which you are entitled. Financial assistance includes student aid programs, scholarships, grants, fellowships, Veterans Administration benefits, etc. IBM reserves the right to discontinue any of the Plans in the program or discontinue the program should there be significant business changes. IBM Foundational Competencies We identify core competencies that provide the foundation for employee professional growth at IBM. These include: Adaptability Client focus Taking ownership Communication Drive to achieve Teamwork and collaboration Creative problem solving Passion for the business Trustworthiness IBMs commitment to people development sets us apart from other employers. From Web applications to mentors to global e-learning to classroom training, IBMs learning environment enables you to take charge of your skills and knowledge from day one, empowering you to expand your expertise throughout your career. Analysis As we know that IBM (International Business Machines) is is a multinational computer, technology and IT consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, North Castle, New York, United States. IBM is the worlds largest technology company and the second most valuable by global brand (after Coca-Cola). IBM is one of the few information technology companies with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software (with a focus on the latter), and offers infrastructure services, hosting services, and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. IBM company provide Base pay, performance bonuses, awards, commissions and other forms of earnings comprise the cash compensation for employee career planning. It Includes healthcare benefit such as- vision, dental, with two plan options and medical for which there are three plan options. They also provide Sickness accident income plans, long-term disability plan, travel accident insurance, long-term care insurance and group life insurance plans are available. IBM offers a leading-edge 401(k) plan where employees can contribute up to 80% of eligible compensation each pay-period before taxes and for eligible employees IBM will match up to the first 6% of pay. Employees are eligible for this match after 1 year of service. Additional program The employee purchase program allows employees to purchase IBM products at significant discounts off of the suggested retail price. Many IBM locations have special programs like fitness centers, educational courses, career planning centers and award programs. Conclusion As per the study we came to know that Career planning is an important step to success in the workplace. Through career planning one selects career goals and the path to these goals which incorporates short-term and long-term career goals,personal goals and constraints. Short-term planning Assess your skills, knowledge, values, constraints and interests Long-term planning Identify which new skills and knowledge you want to develop Research career opportunities Formulate a careers action plan with contingencies Up to 5 years ahead Check the careers action plan for realism From 5 to 10 years ahead As we have taken example of career planning in IBM Company, we have seen that the company provides special programs like fitness centers, educational courses, career planning centers and award programs. Through these planning program the employee of the company get the opportunities to have the knowledge of various career opportunities, his priorities etc. They also able to select the career that is suitable to his life styles, preferences, family environment, scope for self-development etc. So, Career planning program is being designing and implementing goals, plans and strategies to enable the organization to satisfy employee needs while allowing individuals to achieve their career goals. So, due to this career planning and development is necessary to each and every employee in an organization. The need of career planning and development is felt in each and every organization of todays global world.

The Church On Homelessness :: essays research papers

The Church on Homelessness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The view of the church to the homeless is generous and envangelistic commitment. The church also shows a special love for the poor. The church just being there and its charitable help for the homeless shows what God would want the church to do for the homeless.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The church is very conscious that the lack of decent housing threatens the poor. The church is grateful for the creation of organizations that help to make the right to housing possible for many homeless people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Examples of such organizations are shelters and witness of the local churches. Pope Paul VI himself personally promoted a program aimed at providing housing for some families who were living in a Roman slum.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concern of the church for housing for the homeless comes from three ideas:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1) Adequate housing is important if a person is to find fulfillment, both as an individual and as a member of a family and society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2) The witness that the church seeks to give in helping in the search for a solution to the problems of the poor is a sign of the presence of the kingdom of salvation and liberation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3) The mission of the church also consists in helping to make society more human.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Catholic Church agrees with these three ideas and also makes its own judgement on the suffering of these millions of people. From the time of the earliest Christian communities, the church has always shown a preference for the poor, the needy, and on the outcasts of society. The way that the church insists on reaching out to the poor through mission collections, food pantries, and shelters shows the preferential love that the church has for these people. The church has always appealed to government programs set up to help the poor and has always supported cities to set up housing programs in the poorest areas   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As long as there are people without housing, Christians who have

Why Do People Smoke?

Why Do People Smoke? Shourav Banik 1111263042 ENG 105: 14 Abdus Selim May 2, 2012 Why Do People Smoke? Introduction Smoking is one of the most popular habits among people today. All around the world we see people smoking. Even in Bangladesh the number of smokers is quite high. Especially around the university campus young adults are seen smoking frequently. It can be said that among every friend circle in universities we will find one or two smokers. My circle is no different also. Not only in universities, even around schools and colleges teenagers can be seen smoking.Offices and restaurants have their own smoking zone so that people can smoke without any kind of problems. Given this huge popularity of smoking one can only wonder the main reasons behind it? Smoking cigarettes has become a very common trend among people today. Although there are various bad effects of smoking cigarettes people find it very hard to quit smoking once they start. Now-a-days we see even very young boys a nd girls smoking cigarettes. The bad effects of smoking are known to almost everybody in the world today. There has been strong promotion against this deadly habit.In school students are constantly reminded of its bad consequences. But still we see people smoking. This is a habit that has been going on for many decades now. Several reasons drive a man towards smoking. Every person tends to think that they have different reason for smoking. But if we look closely we may see a general pattern among smokers. The main reason of smoking is psychological. History of Smoking First of all we will briefly look at the origin of smoking. Cigarettes have a long history. Tobacco, the main ingredient of cigarettes, first started growing in about 6,000 B.C. In 1 B. C. American Indians started using tobacco. At first they were mainly used because of religious reasons. It was also believed then that tobacco had healing powers and was used as a pain killer. Tobacco was brought to Europe by sailors. Randall (1999) reported that on 1492 Christopher Columbus was gifted with dried tobacco by the American Indians. Even in Europe the major reason for tobacco use was medical. It was believed that tobacco could heal almost everything, starting from bad breath to cancer. In 1571 a Spanish doctor called Nicolas Monardes even wrote a book describing its healing factors.In that he said tobacco could heal 36 health problems. In the 1600’s tobacco became very popular. It was even used as money in some parts of the world. But this was also the time when people started noticing the dangers of smoking. In 1610 Sir Francis Bacon reported that quitting smoking is difficult. In 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, tobacco helped finance the revolution. It was used as collateral for loans the Americans borrowed from France. Over the years scientists began to understand the main chemicals in tobacco. In 1826, nicotine was discovered.It was then completely realized that smoking is a d eadly habit. Around 1849 cigarettes became popular. Soldiers brought it to England from Russian and Turkish soldiers. During this time cigarettes were made from the scrap of other tobacco product. Chewing tobacco was one of them as it was quite popular among the Americans. In 1900’s cigarettes became a major tobacco product. During the two World Wars the use of cigarettes became very high. During these times women were targeted by the cigarette companies. In the Second World War (1939-1945) cigarettes were included in the soldiers’ C-Rations.Tobacco companies sent millions of cigarettes free of cost to the soldiers. And when the war broke they had a huge number of loyal customers. In the following years the real dangers of smoking started to come to being. Scientists linked smoking to cancer. Various health hazards were discovered. During this time the advertisements of cigarettes in television were being prohibited in Great Britain and in the U. S. In the recent years more bad effects of smoking have been found. But still lots of people are smoking even after knowing the bad effects (Randall, 1999).Reasons behind Smoking There are various reasons behind smoking. Like discussed previously, smoking was once considered as a healing treatment. But in modern society things have changed. Among several of reasons the main reasons of smoking are psychological. Radwan (n. d. ) said â€Å"Contrary to common beliefs people smoke cigarettes because of psychological reasons and not because of nicotine addition. † Starting from curiosity to depression, all the moods of human psyche play a large effect on smoking. Here we are going to see exactly what causes a person to smoke.The main psychological reasons are explained below. Depression Depression can play a big role in smoking. Whenever people get depressed they start to smoke. Again already depressed people might find difficulties in quitting smoking. For teen-agers depression triggers the starting o f smoking. McGovern et al. (2006) reported that â€Å"Teens who smoke regularly are almost twice as likely as teens who smoke occasionally to report high levels of depression†. The reasons for this kind of behavior have always been questioned. Only recently some explanations have come out. Cheong, Herkov, and Goodman (n. d. explained some of the reasons: New research has suggested that there may be something in cigarette smoke that has antidepressant properties, which explains why cigarette smoking is much more common among depressed patients. A survey of 3,000 individuals in the St. Louis area confirmed that lifetime frequency of major depression was more common among smokers than nonsmokers (6. 6 vs. 2. 9 percent) This study also demonstrated that smokers who reported at least one episode of major depression were less likely to succeed in smoking cessation programs than smokers without depression (14 vs. 8 percent). These findings have been confirmed many times over. These properties influence depressed people to smoke. Also it is often seen that whenever someone get depressed they start smoking heavily. So we can say that depression can strongly influence people into smoking. Curiosity One more reason why people especially teen-agers start smoking is curiosity. Young people often start to smoke just to find out how it tastes. Gaskell (2010) said â€Å"Curiosity may get the best of some teens who begin smoking just to find out what it feels like. † Especially children are often curious to do new or forbidden things.Whenever they go outside they see cigarettes being bought or sold. This all adds to their curiosity and they start smoking. The survey conducted for this research also yields the same result. This survey shows that almost 78% of students doing the survey have smoked out of curiosity at least for once. Some may think that young boys and girls actually smoke because it looks cool or to show off where the real reason is actually curiosi ty. Also some people start doing it as an act of rebellion (Pressmart Team, 2007). Peer Pressure Peer pressure also drives young people into smoking.Peer means friends who are of equal age. Maddox (2011) believes that peers play a large role in a person’s behavior: The behavior and choices of peers can influence the behavior and choices of others in their peer group, which may have either a negative or a positive impact, depending on the circumstances. When it comes to the unsafe behavior of smoking, the connection between young people who do or do not smoke and their peers is very strong. Whenever in a friend circle someone starts to smoke others also start doing it just because of not wanting to be left alone.Edwards (2011) reported that â€Å". . . not participating in an activity that others are participating in leaves impressionable teens feeling â€Å"left out† and more likely to pick up the habit merely to fit in with the group. † So it is often seen that people get the smoking habit just by trying to fit in socially. Evans (n. d. ) stated that â€Å"Often they feel encouraged and pressured or even teased and taunted into smoking. Teens also want to fit in with peer groups they admire-the â€Å"cool† kids-and many of them will do what â€Å"cool† kids do. So it is quite natural for young boys and girls to start smoking in order to get social acceptance. Influence of Others Young children look up to their elder brothers and sisters, parents and other familiar faces. So whenever they see their favorite figures smoking they get highly influenced to do so. It is believed they do so because children want be more like them (Evans, n. d. ). Parents also play a large role into this. Researches show that whenever mothers are depressed and smoke it is likely that their children will also take up this habit (Gaskell, 2010). Other studies also support this fact.Smokers in the family can lead children into smoking. Edwards (2011) reported: In addition, having family members who smoke increases the availability of cigarettes. Teenagers can simply take cigarettes from unattended packs around the house rather than putting effort into getting them another way. When a parent incorporates cigarettes into a teenager's life by having him bring the cigarettes, clean ashtrays or even light cigarettes, the teen is more likely to pick up the habit than an adolescent who does not handle cigarettes or cigarette paraphernalia on a regular basis.Not only relatives and friends sometimes even favorite actors or players can influence young people to smoke. Especially in movies when children see the heroes smoking they get influenced to do so. So role models also play a big part in the reasons of smoking. Stress Many chain smokers continue to smoke to relieve stress. Mature people when get addicted to smoking they don’t just continue to do it out of curiosity or peer pressure, they continue to do so to release stress or anxiety. Again some use smoking as a reliever of tension.It is very common among smokers to smoke whenever they feel stressed or anxiety. They often smoke in the beginning and the closing of the day. Ditcher (1947) said: The smoker has work to do, and he eases himself into the day's activities as pleasantly as possible. He gives himself a little consolation prize in advance, and at the same time manages to postpone the evil hour when he must begin his hard day's work. After a long tiring day of work they believe that smoking can make them feeling relaxed. Even during work it is not uncommon to take a break for a smoke.It can also work like a rewarding system. Orlopp (n. d. ) explains this fact by saying: Taking five at work to smoke a cigarette is a reward for a smoker, most wouldn't think of taking five if they didn't have a reason too. With smoking, you have that reason to kick back and enjoy yourself for a couple minutes. It helps give you that boost to get through a long day of work. So whenever smokers find themselves in trouble they tend to fix it by smoking. Some even go as far as to say that without having a puff of smoke they cannot think properly. Difficulties in Quitting SmokingHaving discussed the main psychological reason for smoking, now we will gaze a view on why it is hard to actually quit smoking. Every year lots and lots of smokers try to get rid of this nasty habit but more than half of them fail. Again there are some people who succeed in giving up smoking but after a while they go back to it. There is a very common saying among the smokers, â€Å"Quitting is easy, and I have quitted smoking many times. † So we can see that there many people who tried to quit but for some reason they just cannot stay away. There are several reasons behind this.Thompson (2011) reported that although nicotine makes it hard to quit smoking the main reason behind it is a bit more complex. Smoking makes several of psychological changes in a man’s l ife. People tend to make smoking a part of their everyday life. So whenever they try to quit smoking they also must deal with all parts of their life which can initiate the desire for smoking. One of the main difficulties in quitting is the withdrawal symptoms. It can vary differently among different people. The symptoms can be physical or psychological. Some of them are listed below: * Frustration Anxiety * Irritability * Dizziness * Sleep disturbances * Concentrating problems * Restlessness * Headaches * Fatigue * Depression These are the some of the many symptoms of withdrawal (Shaw, 2010b). So we can notice here that various psychological reasons that can cause smoking are also the effects of quitting. So smokers often find it hard and go back to smoking just to cope up with these problems. Another main obstacle in the fight against smoking is temptation. Some people find it very difficult to remain ex-smokers just because they cannot stay away from smoking.Shaw (2010a) has said : Dealing with temptations to smoke again often starts on the first day of quitting and can last for days or weeks. Many ex-smokers have an emotional attachment to smoking for a time. They may remember smoking while having a cup of coffee or alcoholic beverage. Smoking after a meal had been a common practice. Some people have friends still smoking or want to go to places where smoking is accepted. Also the availability of cigarettes now-a-days can make resisting cigarettes more difficult. Mostly in the streets of Bangladesh cigarettes is sold in plenty.People don’t have to walk very far to find a shop selling cigarettes. So just seeing all these cigarettes can awaken the temptation to smoke again. Another interesting theory about difficulties was described by Radwan (n. d. ). He said that people with â€Å"self image problem† always feel uneasy in crowded environment. They often do various embarrassing things and lose control. So to fix this problem people go back to s moking. As smoking demands repeating â€Å"certain fixed movements†, people can get back the sense of control they require. Thus for people like this quitting becomes extremely difficult.Survey Findings In order to prove the hypothesis that psychological reasons indeed play a large role into smoking a survey was conducted among 23 students of this university. Both male and female students were included in the survey. They produced significant results. And from the survey it seemed that curiosity, depression and influence from people are mainly responsible from smoking. An important question of this research was â€Å"does human psychology play a big role for people to smoke? † 14 people out of the 23 respondents thought that it played a big part.This means almost 61% people actually think that psychology is responsible for smoking. Figure 1 Among the 23 respondents 6 thought that it played moderate role. And only 3 people thought psychology is not the main reason for s moking. From the percentage point of view only 13% people go against this hypothesis. So this statistics strengthens the hypothesis that psychology is the main reason for smoking. Previously we discussed that teenagers start smoking mainly because of curiosity. In the survey a question was asked if they ever smoked out of curiosity. And out of 23 people 18 of them answered yes.So almost 79% people have smoked out curiosity. The reason of adolecence smoking also came out to be curiosity. Figure 2 So from the chart we can see that the majority of people (11 out of 23) believe that curiosity leads young people into smoking. It is also found out that 27% people believe that showing off also is another reason for smoking. 22% believes that peer pressure is another reason. So it seems that in Bangladesh curiosity and showing off are the main reasons of why young people start to smoke. Again they were asked that when do people tend to smoke more. 5 out 23 people believe that when someone i s tensed they smoke. Also 13 of them believe that depression causes them to smoke. And a small amount persons (4 out of 23) said that people smoke when they are happy. Figure 3 So from this chart we can come to the conclusion that tension and depression cause people to smoke more. From the survey another interesting result came out. It is popular belief that normal people smoke more than very successful and not successful people at all. This can point at the fact that a huge number of people smoke today as normal middle class people are the majority.Figure 4 As we can see the normal middle class constructs almost 35% of the total area of the pie and the lower middle class constructs 30%. So together, middle class people take up 65% of the whole area. Not successful people also hold 26% of the total area. So all in all we can say that middle class people smoke more. Also there were some other questions like â€Å"does influence of other actually play a role in smoking? † 91% o f the people thought that it did. And when they were asked who can influence them, most of them said friends and relatives.Again they were asked if they thought that smoking was fun. But most of them did not think that smoking was fun. Respondents also gave their own opinion about the reason of smoking. Most of them thought tension and depression are the main causes of smoking. So the survey produced some valuable results. The statistics from the survey proves that the main reasons those were discussed in the essay are quite correct. Conclusion Smoking today is a very popular habit among people today. Although it has severe consequences people still continue to do it. Various people do it for various reasons.But if we try to generalize the reasons we can actually see that most of them start smoking out of curiosity, peer pressure and influence. And when they get addicted they can’t quit because of the added stress, tension and depression. All of these are psychological reason s. It is true that there are some physical reasons also behind smoking but it’s the psychological reason that plays the bigger par. So it can be said that human psychology is the main reason behind smoking. References Cheong, J. , Herkov, M. , ; Goodman, W. (n. d. ). Depression and smoking.Retrieved from http://psychcentral. com/library/depression_smoking. htm Dichter, E. (1947). Why do we smoke cigarettes? In The psychology of everyday living. Retrieved from http://smokingsides. com/docs/whysmoke. html Edwards, C. (2011, June 14). Reasons why teenagers start smoking. Retrieved from http://www. livestrong. com/article/220035-reasons-why-teenagers-start-smoking/ Evans, A. (n. d. ). Smoking and teenagers. Retrieved from http://adrianaevans. hubpages. com/hub/Smoking-and-teenagers Gaskell, K. H. 2010, August 16). Reasons teenagers begin smoking. Retrieved from http://www. livestrong. com/article/207428-reasons-teenagers-begin-smoking/ Maddox, N. (2011, May 29). Smoking Peer Pre ssure Facts. Retrieved from http://www. livestrong. com/article/245384-smoking-peer-pressure-facts/ McGovern, J. A. , Rodriguez, D. , Patel, V. , Faith, M. S. , Rodgers, K. , ; Cuevas, J. (2006, April). How do psychological factors influence adolescent smoking progression? the evidence for indirect effects through tobacco advertising receptivity. Pediatrics, 117, 1216-1225, doi: 10. 542/peds. 2005-0808 Orlopp, B. (n. d. ). Why do people continue to smoke? stress, expression, social, loneliness. Why do people smoke? Retrieved from http://www. squidoo. com/why-do- people-smoke- Pressmart Team. (2007, December 4). Curiosity leads youth to smoke. Retrieved from http://www. pressmart. com/blog/2007/12/curiosity-leads-youth-to-smoke. html Radwan, M. F. (n. d. ). Why do people fail to quit smoking? Why do people smoke cigarettes. Retrieved from http://www. 2knowmyself. com/Why_do_people_smoke_cigarettes Randall, V. R. (1999, August 31).History of tobacco. Retrieved from http://academic. ud ayton. edu/health/syllabi/tobacco/history. htm Shaw, J. (2010a, July 4). Problems after you quit smoking. Retrieved from http://www. livestrong. com/article/165762-problems-after-you-quit-smoking/ Shaw, J. (2010b, June 9). Why is smoking hard to quit? Retrieved from http://www. livestrong. com/article/144259-why-is-smoking-hard-quit/ Thompson, D. J. (2011, June). Why is it so hard to quit smoking? Retrieved from http://www. everydayhealth. com/smoking-cessation/understanding/index. aspx

Forgiveness in Post-Genocide Rwanda - 742 Words

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